Picassos Guitars and the Birth of Synthetic Cubism

Anne Umland, curator in the department of painting and sculpture, and her assistant Blair Hartzell, have organized a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to study Picassos 1912-14 Guitar series in one beautiful installation. This team assembled 85 works from over 35 public and private collections; a heroic feat indeed. Why Picassos Guitar Series? Most art historians credit the Guitar series as the definitive transition from Analytic to Synthetic Cubism. However, the guitars launched so much more. After a slow and careful examination of all the collages and constructions, it is clear that the Guitar series (which includes a few violins as well) crystallized Picassos brand of Cubism. The series establishes a repertoire of signs that remained active in the artists visual vocabulary through the Parade sketches and into the Cubo-Surrealist works of the 1920s. When Did the Guitar Series Begin? We dont know exactly when the Guitar series began. The collages include snippets of newspapers dated to November and December 1912. Black and white photographs of Picassos studio on the Boulevard Raspail, published in Les Soirà ©es de Paris, no. 18 (November 1913), show the cream-colored construction paper guitar surrounded by numerous collages and drawings of guitars or violins set up side by side on one wall. Picasso gave his 1914 metal Guitar to the Museum of Modern Art in 1971. At that time, the director of paintings and drawings, William Rubin, believed that the maquette (model) cardboard guitar dated to the early part of 1912. (The museum acquired the maquette in 1973, after Picassos death, in accordance with his wishes.) During the preparation for the huge Picasso and Braque: Pioneering Cubism exhibition in 1989, Rubin shifted the date to October 1912. Art historian Ruth Marcus agreed with Rubin in her 1996 article on the Guitar series, which convincingly explains the transitional significance of the series. The current MoMA exhibition sets the date for the maquette at October to December 1912. How Do We Study the Guitar Series? The best way to study the Guitar series is to notice two things: the wide variety of media and the repertoire of repeated shapes that mean different things within different contexts. The collages integrate real substances such as wallpaper, sand, straight pins, ordinary string, brand labels, packaging, musical scores, and newspaper with the artists drawn or painted versions of the same or similar objects. The combination of elements broke with traditional two-dimensional art practices, not only in terms of incorporating such humble materials but also because these materials referred to modern life in the streets, in the studios, and in the cafà ©s. This interplay of real-world items mirrors the integration of contemporary street imagery in his friends avant-garde poetry, or what Guillaume Apollinaire called la nouveautà © poà ©sie (novelty poetry) - an early form of Pop Art. Another Way to Study the Guitars The second way to study the Guitar series requires a scavenger hunt for Picassos repertoire of shapes that appear in most of the works. The MoMA exhibition provides an excellent opportunity to cross-check references and contexts. Together, the collages and Guitar constructions seem to reveal the artists internal conversation: his criteria and his ambitions. We see the various short-hand signs to indicate objects or body parts migrate from one context to another, reinforcing and shifting meanings with only the context as a guide. For example, the curvy side of a guitar in one work resembles the curve of a mans ear along his head in another. A circle may indicate a guitars sound hole in one section of the collage and a bottles bottom in another. Or a circle can be the top of the bottles cork and simultaneously resemble a top hat neatly positioned on a mustached gentlemans face. Ascertaining this repertory of shapes helps us understand the synecdoche in Cubism (those little shapes that indicate the whole in order to say: here is a violin, here is a table, here is a glass and here is a human being). This repertoire of signs developed during the Analytic Cubism Period became simplified shapes of this Synthetic Cubism Period. The Guitar Constructions Explain Cubism The  Guitar  constructions made of cardboard paper (1912) and sheet metal (1914) clearly demonstrate the formal considerations of  Cubism. As Jack Flam wrote in Cubiquitous, a better word for Cubism would have been Planarism, since the artists conceptualized reality in terms of the different faces or planes of an object (front, back, top, bottom, and sides) depicted on one surface -- a.k.a. simultaneity. Picasso explained the collages to the sculptor Julio Gonzales: It would have sufficed to cut them up -- the colors, after all, being no more than indications of differences in perspective, of planes inclined one way or the other -- and then assemble them according to the indications given by the color, in order to be confronted with a sculpture. (Roland Penrose,  The Life and Work of Picasso, third edition, 1981, p.265) The  Guitar  constructions occurred as Picasso worked on the collages. The flat planes deployed on flat surfaces became flat planes projecting from the wall in a three-dimension arrangement located in real space. Daniel-Henri Kahnweiler, Picassos dealer at the time, believed that the  Guitar  constructions were based on the artists Grebo masks, which he acquired in August 1912. These three-dimensional objects represent the eyes as cylinders projecting from the flat surface of the mask, as indeed Picassos  Guitar  constructions represent the sound hole as a cylinder projecting from the body of the guitar. Andrà © Salmon inferred in  La jeune sculpture franà §aise  that Picasso looked at contemporary toys, such as a tiny tin fish suspended in a circle of tin ribbon that represented the fish swimming in its bowl. William Rubin suggested in his catalogue for the Picasso and Braque show of 1989 that airplane gliders captured Picassos imagination. (Picasso called Braque Wilbur, after one of the Wright brothers, whose historic flight took place on December 17, 1903. Wilbur had just died on May 30, 1912. Orville died on January 30, 1948.) From Traditional to Avant-garde Sculpture Picassos Guitar constructions broke with the continuous skin of conventional sculpture. In his 1909  Head  (Fernande), a bumpy, lumpy contiguous series of planes represent the hair and face of the woman he loved at this time. These planes are positioned in such a manner to maximize the reflection of light on certain surfaces, similar to the depicted planes illuminated by light in Analytic Cubist paintings. These lit surfaces become colorful surfaces in the collages. The cardboard  Guitar  construction depends on flat planes. It is composed of only 8 parts: the front and back of the guitar, a box for its body, the sound hole (which looks like the cardboard cylinder inside a roll of toilet paper), the neck (which curves upward like an elongated trough), a triangle pointing down to indicate the guitars head and a short folded paper near the triangle threaded with guitar strings. Ordinary strings strung vertically, represent the guitar strings, and laterally (in a comically droopy way) represent the frets. A semi-circular piece, attached to the bottom of the maquette represents a table top location for the guitar and completes the original appearance of the work. The cardboard  Guitar  and the sheet metal Guitar seem to simultaneously represent the inside and outside of the real instrument. El Guitare During the spring of 1914, the art critic Andrà © Salmon wrote: I have seen what no man has seen before in Picassos studio. Leaving aside painting for the moment, Picasso built this immense guitar out of sheet metal with parts that could be given to any idiot in the universe who on his own might put the object together as well as the artist himself. More phantasmagorical than Fausts laboratory, this studio (which certain people might claim had no art in the conventional sense of the term) was furnished with the newest of objects. All the visible forms surrounding me appeared absolutely new. I had never seen such new things before. I didnt even know what a new object could be.Some visitors, already shocked by the things that they saw covering the walls, refused to call these objects paintings (because they were made of oil-cloth, packing paper and newspaper). They pointed a condescending finger at the object of Picassos clever pains, and said: What is it? Does you put it on a pedestal? Does you hang it on a wall? Is it painting or is it sculpture? Picasso dressed in the blue of a Parisian worker responded in his finest Andalusian voice: Its nothing. Its  el guitare!And there you have it! The watertight compartments of art are demolished. We are now liberated from painting and sculpture just as we were liberated from the idiotic tyranny of academic genres. Its no longer this or that. Its nothing. Its  el guitare!

What Is The Rooney Rule The Rooney Rule Was Established

What is the Rooney Rule? The Rooney Rule was established to encourage diversity in coaching or any top management position in the National Football League. It required teams to interview a minority candidate before making a head coach or head management hire. Do NFL officials still need the Rooney Rule? Yes, the Rooney Rule has helped force owners to cast a wide net, going from who you know system to who’s the best system. What should be done about the lack of minority coaches and general managers? The NFL officials should make it clear that hiring minorities is a priority in all positions. In the past, black coaches were moved slowly up the ranks than white counterparts, despite equal performance and skill sets. White head coaches†¦show more content†¦Of the eight teams in the last four Super Bowls, six of them had a black head coach or general manager. The Panthers, Jets, and Steelers are the only teams with coaching staffs composed of at least 50 percent minoritie s. Two- third of NFL team members are majority black, with only one- third minority coaches who can relate to these players. One prominent minority coach stated that he had been called every day to implement a better college program at another school because the head coach needed minority representation on staff to help with recruiting. The Rooney Rule is still evolving and growing to become better. NFL officials still are experiencing token interviews to full the mandate, when teams know all along they plan to hire someone else. The league can ensure that the teams follow the Rooney Rule by requiring teams to provide transcripts of interviews with minority candidates. That way, the NFL commissioner’s office could judge for themselves whether teams adhered to the rule. Among NFL decision-makers, should work on interview feedback, candidate feedback on what worked and what didn’t work, and what can even be better the next time, will help candidates as they continue thei r quests to become a head coach or manager. If the league does not follow the interview and candidate feedback method, there should be consequences, such as fines. There was once a hard time in the hiring cycle, but there have been a lot of changing hearts andShow MoreRelatedWaste Management Scandal ( 1998 )1173 Words   |  5 PagesWaste Management Scandal (1998) Waste Management Inc. was founded by Dean Buntrock and Wayne Huizenga in 1968. It generated $5.5 million in revenue just the first year and it reached $2 billion in 1985. By 1971, the company became more public after it acquired 133 acquisitions and it became the largest waste hauler in the nation. Waste Management Inc. manages and reduces waste, provides transfer, recycling and disposal services. 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Ethical rights Free Essays

Normally this cheating would not affect her but in this chemistry class the teacher grades on a curve. If the kids do well on the test because of cheating the curve would not be In the favor of the other kids and Francesca. Francesca Is debating If she should let it go or tell the teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now If Francesca uses the utility test it would be ethical for her to tell the teacher that her friends were cheating on the mid-term so the curve is not effected. With Francesca telling the teacher is would be maximizing the good for her. Her friends that are cheating on the mid-term would the effect Francesca because then If she falls this test she would be catch up the semester. With the semester almost ever she wouldn’t have the time to safe her grade from a bad test score. With the failing of the test it could set her up to fail the class. Without telling, it would not be maximizing the good for her on the test; the chances of her getting a good grade goes down a lot because of her friends cheating. By telling the teacher it would put her in a chance to better asses how much she knows of what she has been learning. With the test not showing her true ability In the class, and the teacher would not see what type of student she really This Is why It would be better for her to tell her teacher about her friends that were cheating. By Francesca also telling the teacher it would maximize the good for the class. Without the cheaters setting the curve at a crazy high it give them a fair chance to get a good grade, unlike the students who really studied will get a bad one. With the cheaters getting away with it would put the class In an unfair disadvantage. The class would then see that would have to study way more then they have to when they truly did not. This effect would effect all of the other students classes. By them spending more time to study for this class and not the others, to make up for this bad grade, they might get behind in there other classes. This all leads to unneeded stress on the students where they stress enough about school, sports and other extra circular activeness. This is how by her telling would maximize the good for the class as students. Another reason why It would be better for her to tell the teacher Is that It would help the teacher. With the classing doing badly on the test is would reflect badly on the teacher. The teacher would think that he is not teaching the students the right material and there not getting it. With the teacher not really knowing why the students did bad he would have to feel that he needs to explain more about what ex.’s teaching. While compared to if he knew there was the cheaters he would get a true assent of where his students are In the class, and see what they need more help label the teacher as one you can easily cheat with for other future students. That is why by Francesca telling the teacher it would benefit him. The cheating doesn’t does not Just affect the class if Francesca does not tell if really affects the school. If the student are cheating in this class what to say this is the only class they are doing it in. This could be Just one of the five classes they are cheating in. If Francesca tell the teacher, he will tell the school know. The school will then take the actions that are need to make sure these wont happen again with these students. Other teacher that have these students in there class will be notified to make sure there not cheating in there class also. With the school stopping the cheating it could be saving the reputation of the school. Cheating is a big deal for schools, they would take the approbate actions in punishments to make it clear to the cheating students that if they are caught again cheating the consequences would be far more severe next time. The harm that could from the students cheating could effect way more then the teacher and school now, but there own Jobs and society in the future. This introduction to chemistry could Just the start for these students where other classes just get harder and harder. They would be more likely to cheat in the classes to come if they got away with it the first time. The cheating would help the students get jobs they do not deserve What if one of the student wanted to be a experimental biological chemist in the future, and he got away with all of his years in school cheating and not really learning the materiel he was taught. Then in society he makes a horrible go wrong and the effect that would have would be far greater then the present time in college. That is why with Francesca telling the teacher now it would possibly have less repercussions later. Some people would say that it is better for Francesca not to tell that her friends where cheating. Her friends know that they saw that she had seen them cheating on the mid-term. With her telling the teacher could lose those friends and also create far more drama outside of class. They all dorm together and her friends will be mad at her that she told and whatever there punishment would be, failing the mid-term ND on watch by the school, they would blame her for it. This could cause more harm for Francesca then good for all the other people affected. They could also say that if she really was studying and not waiting till the last minute she wont have to worry about what grade they get on the test. It could also effect there standing with the school, she does not know if this is there first warning and they might get a more severe consequence this time. All of these reasons are wrong because the affects that would have on the few student could not out way the affects that it could possibly have on the everyone else. That is why Francesca is ethical by telling the teacher according to the utility test. The effect that the cheating students would have on the Francesca, the class, teacher, school and society in the future is far greater. It was the choice if the students to go out instead of studying was there own fault. They knew the consequence of cheating and they still decided to go ahead with it, it not Francesca fault that she wanted to have a fair chance on the test like all the other students. That is why is would be better that Francesca tells that she saw the other students cheating when the How to cite Ethical rights, Papers

The Touch, The Feel Of Hemp The Fiber Of Our Lives Essay Example For Students

The Touch, The Feel Of Hemp The Fiber Of Our Lives Essay Word Count: 1242Imagine how useful a Swiss Army Knife with more than 2500 functions would be if it was compact enough to be manageable. And imagine that this knife could help solve some very important problems that plague our environment as well as our society. Now think if the production of this tool was to be banned by the government. There would have to be some very strong reasons for the government to deny this extremely useful product to the people it governs. If the reasons for this interdiction were not very strong it would be absurd to think that the ban would last for an extended period of time. Well some people will be surprised to know that this very injustice is happening as we speak right here in our wonderful United States of America. The injustice I am describing is our governments ban on the cultivation of the hemp plant in our country. In this article I hope to inform the uninformed and reinform the misinformed on the subject of the hemp plant and how it would benefi t us to encourage its widespread production. Industrial hemp is only a cousin of the drug producing plant, marijuana, but as far as the government is concerned they are the same things. Even though there is no chance a person could get high from smoking hemp, the government still prohibits its growth. Hemp does contain some THC, the chemical in pot that makes you high, but only a trace amount. To get the same buzz that a person would get from smoking one marijuana cigarette you would have to smoke twenty or thirty rolled from hemp and you would have to do in about the same amount of time. Common sense tells us that smoking this much of anything in a short amount of time would make you sick. If you smoke some industrial hemp you will only get a headache, and if you smoke more you will only get a bigger headache. The government has the same reason for the banning marijuana as they do for the ban on hemp, when hemp only contains trace amounts of the intoxicants that makes it illegal. Hemp can be compared to non-alcoholic beer, nut meg, cough syrup and mouthwash. NA beer and mouthwash contain alcohol, but nobody drinks them to get drunk. Nutmeg and cough syrup contain some psychoactive substances, but nobody uses these common products to get high. The side effects of the use of these substances, as well as with hemp, far outweigh the buzz that is achieved. Hemp is the supposedly the first crop known to have been cultivated by people about ten thousand years ago. Even cavemen could see the possibilities of this crop. They found that the stalks of the plant had long fibers that could be used to make rope or cloth and the seeds were a good source of nutrition. The hemp plant has played a huge roll in the history of the world. The sails and caulk between the boards of The Nina, The Pinta, and The Santa Maria as well as every other ship used to explore the globe were made from hemp. If some other fiber was used Columbus may never have maid it across the Atlantic. Nearly all the worlds paper before the beginning of the twentieth century was made from hemp. Documents like the early drafts of The Declaration of Independence and the Gutenburg Bible were printed on hemp. Today industrial hemp is more valuable than ever before. With the growth of new technology have come new and exciting uses for the plant. Hemp can still be made into paper, but today the paper is of better quality. Hemp paper compared to wood pulp paper is much more durable and more resource friendly. The more paper we make from hemp the more trees we save. It is estimated that the prohibition of hemp in our country has cost us more than two thirds of our forests since the 1930s. Another amazing thing that can be done with this wonder plant is that it can be turned in to fossil fuels, such as, gasoline, methane, and charcoal. Thats right gas from hemp it is amazing what we can do these days. Not only can we lower or dependence on over seas oil, but also we can use a cleaner burning fuel to take the place of the oil. The biomass fuel that hemp produces burns the same but it does not contain sulfur, so it will cut down on the amount of acid rain in the country. Also, another advantage would be that these new green crops would eventually convert the carbon dioxide that is produced by burning the fuel and the greenhouse effect would be slowed if not reversed. Another use for hemp is for clothing. When most people think of hemp clothing they think of stiff garments that are not very soft or comfortable. This could not be further from wrong. Hemp can be made into cloth that is as soft as silk while it can also be made into fabrics that are tougher than burlap or as intricate as lace. Existing machines in existing U.S. factories could even weave this fabric. What else can this wonderful plant do? I am glad you asked. You could build a new highly cost and energy efficient house almost entirely out of hemp. There are a number of overseas companies that manufacture wood substitutes made from hemp that are lighter, more insulating, and stronger for about the same price as conventional materials. Right now your probably thinking well you can do every thing with this stuff, but can you eat it? You most certainly can and I would highly recommend it. Hemp seed is as nutritious as Soya, but it is more digestible and is easier to harvest. The seeds a re an excellent source of nutrition and animals love them. If it were legal we could rely on it feed our pets and farm animals. There is a plethora of other uses for this resource, but they are too numerous to name. The greatest gain we would encounter from the legalization of hemp cultivation is the jobs that it would create. At this point in time the farming industry is not in good shape. Hemp would be a huge boost to the industry and it would give farming that cash crop that they have been missing for so long. Not only would farmers reap the rewards, but also there would be a huge demand for manufacturers of the products. I hope you as a reader are now better informed about this subject and I also hope that you agree that it is absurd to keep hemp cultivation illegal. If you as a citizen feel strongly about this subject I recommend you do something about it. Some things that you could do are tell people about this injustice, buy as many hemp products as possible, vote for candida tes that feel the same way, or contact your local representative. I thank you for your time.